Boris Gulko

◇A boy born in the enemy's ruins

Boris Franzevich Gulko was born on 9 February 1947 in Erfurt, in the Soviet occupation zone of a defeated Germany, into a Jewish family; his father was a Red Army soldier stationed there. His parents had survived the war by fleeing east to the Urals, warned in time by a Polish tailor of what the Nazis intended. There was no bris — he would not have one until he was forty, in America. When he asked his mother why, she gave the only answer there was: “Exactly where would I find a mohel in Germany in 1947?”

He learned early what he was. At three, boys he did not know punched him in the street and told him he was Jewish. At nine his father told him about Khrushchev's secret speech against Stalin and destroyed the portrait of Stalin that hung in their home, and the boy's belief in communism went with it. In August 1968, at a chess tournament, he watched Soviet tanks roll into Czechoslovakia. “I wanted to fight,” he said. “This was such a shame for my country.” His verdict on the state he had been raised to serve was final: “I really lived in an empire of evil.”

Chess arrived at twelve, through the Soviet children's clubs. He won his school's junior championship three times and was a master before he graduated. He earned a psychology master's at Moscow State University and spent three years there as a research scientist. He turned professional at twenty-seven — his salary, like every Soviet professional's, routed through the KGB's First Department. In 1967 he won the World Student Team Championship with the Soviet team. The International Master title came in 1975, the grandmaster title in 1976.

◇Champion of the Soviet Union

The 45th USSR Championship ran in Leningrad from November 28 to December 22, 1977: a sixteen-player final, made up of the qualifiers from a sixty-four-player Swiss at Bălți and an eighteen-player First League at Baku. It was as hard a tournament as existed anywhere. Three former world champions played in it, Tigran Petrosian, Mikhail Tal and Vassily Smyslov, along with Lev Polugaevsky, and Gulko went through the whole event without losing a game. He scored 9½ out of 15: four wins, eleven draws, no defeats. He beat Smyslov on December 11.

It left him level with Iosif Dorfman and half a point clear of Polugaevsky. The tie was to be broken by a match, and the match settled nothing: six games in Moscow, one win each, four draws, 3–3. The title was awarded to both men. Gulko was thirty years old, champion of the Soviet Union, and by every ordinary measure standing at the doorway of the best years of his career. The following year he played for the USSR at the Buenos Aires Olympiad. It was the only time he would ever represent it.

◇People of air

In 1976 Viktor Korchnoi defected, and the Soviet chess establishment circulated a collective letter condemning him. Gulko was one of only four Soviet grandmasters who refused to sign it. It was noted. When he and his wife — Anna Akhsharumova, the 1976 Soviet women's champion — applied to emigrate at the end of the decade, permission was refused, and it was refused again, and again, for seven years. The funding stopped. The invitations stopped. A reigning Soviet champion simply vanished from the tournament tables. Their son David was born in 1979, into that vanishing. “We were people of air,” Gulko said.

They fought with the only instruments left to them: their bodies and their visibility. Three times they went on hunger strike, the longest of them thirty-seven days — “just the two of us, in our apartment.” In the spring of 1986 they took to Moscow's Arbat Square to demonstrate, one demonstration every day except Shabbat, and were arrested almost daily, losing hours at a time in a police station. Gulko described those weeks as a chess game, each morning demanding a fresh tactical idea against the same opponent. He was at one point arrested and beaten by KGB agents. Asked about it later, he did not dramatise: “It was the hardest time of my life.”

◇Thirty-nine

On 29 May 1986, on three days' notice, they were let out. They arrived in America with three hundred dollars. A chess foundation helped them find their feet; Gulko became grandmaster-in-residence at Harvard, and the family eventually settled in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. He was clear-eyed about what had been taken. “39 is too old,” he said, “to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess.” Seven years of a grandmaster's prime do not come back.

He built a second career regardless. By January 1988 he was the highest-rated player in the United States, and he held that place on the January 1989, July 1989, January 1990 and July 1990 lists as well; in January 1989 he stood fourteenth in the world. Anna won the U.S. Women's Championship in 1987. In 1994, at Key West, he won the U.S. Championship without losing a game — 9½ out of 13, six wins and seven draws, a point and a half clear of Larry Christiansen and Yasser Seirawan — and in 1999 he won it a second time, coming through the knockout to take the final against Grigory Serper.

He played nine Olympiads for the United States between 1988 and 2004, and took team gold at the 1993 World Team Championship with a silver in 1997. His tournament victories span two lives and two flags: the Capablanca Memorial in Havana in 1976, Nikšić in 1978 shared with Jan Timman, Biel in 1987, Malmö in 2001 with Timman again. In the PCA cycle he reached the Candidates quarter-finals and went out to Nigel Short.

◇The Kasparov account

Garry Kasparov lost to very few people more than once. Gulko beat him three times — at the Soviet Championship final of 1981, again in 1982, and at Linares in 1990, when Kasparov was the reigning world champion — against a single defeat and four draws across a rivalry running from 1978 to 2001. It is one of the very few plus scores anyone holds against the strongest player of the era, and it was assembled by a man who had lost seven of his best years to a visa office.

Twice he took a national championship without conceding a loss — Leningrad 1977 and Key West 1994. In Analyzing the Chess Mind (p. 75), he credits his wins against Kasparov to counterattack and self-confidence, resisting pressure and keeping Kasparov from dictating the game.

◇Chess and psychology

In Analyzing the Chess Mind (2022, p. 34), Gulko recalls calculating a combination during a blackout in a 1969 game against Grigorian. It inspired his master's research: Razuvaev, Dvoretsky, Zlotnik and Kuindzhi played two positions both blindfold and with the board visible. He found more tactical thinking blindfold and more strategic thinking with the board. The paper was ready in 1979 but went unpublished after he applied to emigrate.

In the same book (pp. 72–73), he remembers Tal staring at him after writing down a pawn capture in their 1978 Soviet Championship game. Gulko smiled at a man he liked; Tal changed his move. After their draw, Tal admitted he had missed the trap and avoided the capture because Gulko's expression made him suspect something dangerous.

He has written the rest down. Lessons with a Grandmaster, produced in 2011 with the psychologist Joel R. Sneed, walks through his own games as a dialogue between grandmaster and student rather than a lecture. The same year brought The KGB Plays Chess, on how the Soviet secret police ran the game — written with Yuri Felshtinsky, Vladimir Popov, and Viktor Korchnoi, the man whose condemnation he had once refused to sign.