John Cochrane

◇The Navy, and a rumour about Napoleon

He was born on 4 February 1798 into a branch of the family of the Earls of Dundonald — his father the Honourable John Cochrane, his grandfather the 8th Earl — and grew up at Newhaven near Leith. He went into the Royal Navy as a midshipman and served on HMS Antelope; the story that has followed him ever since is that he was aboard HMS Bellerophon in 1815 when it carried Napoleon Bonaparte into British captivity. The claim is repeated in most accounts of his life and has never been firmly established.

The post-war Navy had no use for so many young officers. Cochrane left it, read for the Bar without going to university, was admitted to the Inner Temple in May 1819 and called to the Bar in June 1824.

◇Café de la Régence

Those five years between the Navy and the Bar are the years in which he was one of the best players in the world. In 1819 he played the Turk — the chess automaton — at odds of pawn and move over five games. In this archive is a win over the machine from 1820, thirty moves ending with a rook thrown onto c8 and the queen taking on c8 behind it.

Then Paris. At the Café de la Régence he faced Alexandre Deschapelles and Louis-Charles de La Bourdonnais, who between them were acknowledged as the strongest players in Europe. Both games in this archive are Cochrane's wins, and both are pure Cochrane: against Deschapelles in 1821 he gives a bishop on f7 at move six and finishes by promoting a pawn with check on move thirty-one; against La Bourdonnais in the same year he plays Black in the King's Gambit line now named for him and drives his opponent's king to d3 by move ten. After 17.Qxg2 takes his queen, 17...Nf2+ and 18...fxg2 win White's queen in return. The game ends after 30...Rxf1+.

In 1822, still only twenty-four, he published A Treatise on the Game of Chess, combining earlier French and Italian material with his own analysis. In a dedication dated 9 February 1822 from the Inner Temple, he thanked William Lewis for his advice on the book (pp. iii–iv). He also played a leading part for London in the great London–Edinburgh correspondence match begun in 1824, before India took him away from it.

The treatise's preface (pp. v–vi) explains how he assembled it. Most of the games at odds came from the Traité des Amateurs, while the games of the Anonymous Modenese came from Lolli's work. Cochrane added his own notes and addressed readers who already knew the game. He made no claim to literary polish: “When the imagination has been tamed down, by the analyzation of games, little can be expected from a writer on Chess in the shape of elegance or even purity of expression: the present Work can pretend to neither.”

◇Calcutta

He went out to India as soon as he was called to the Bar, and he made his career there: a leading advocate of the Calcutta bar, later called its Father, arguing Indian appeals before the Privy Council and writing legal treatises — among them a Defence of the Daya Bhaga in 1872, on Hindu inheritance law. There is a story told of him that he gave an entire fee away to famine relief.

Chess in Calcutta meant the Chess Club, which he helped to found and of which he was president by 1848. It was not a provincial outpost: when the first international tournament was organised in London in 1851, the Calcutta Chess Club sent one of the largest donations of any subscriber, and Cochrane personally one of the largest individual contributions.

His one long leave home, from 1841 to 1843, produced the largest body of games he ever played against a European: roughly 120 on level terms with Howard Staunton, then the strongest player in the world. Staunton won about twice as many as he lost; at odds of pawn and move the two were level. Cochrane helped Staunton prepare for his second match with Saint-Amant, and beat Saint-Amant himself during the same stay. He also complained, with some justice, that Staunton under-reported his wins.

◇The Brahmin

In the autumn of 1848 a member of the Calcutta club heard of a Brahmin in a village outside the city who had never been beaten, went out to play him, and lost. Moheschunder Bannerjee was brought to Calcutta, Cochrane played him, and although Cochrane won that first encounter he was impressed enough to have the man engaged as a paid attaché of the club. It was the most consequential thing he ever did for chess.

For the next twelve years Cochrane had at last what he had spent his career looking for — an opponent worth the trouble. Two hundred and eighty-eight of the games in this archive are wins against Moheschunder, and Moheschunder's own archive here holds a hundred and twenty-seven going the other way; a second Indian player, Somacarana, accounts for another hundred and twenty-four Cochrane wins. Cochrane sent the games home, and from 1851 the Chess Player's Chronicle printed them, which is the only reason any of this survives.

A Calcutta Chess Club correspondent reported in the Chess Player's Chronicle (1850, pp. 318–319) that Cochrane considered Moheschunder as naturally gifted as any player he had ever met. It was Cochrane who called the fianchetto systems his opponent kept playing the Indian defences — the name they still carry.

◇The gambits

Three things in chess are named after him and two of them give away a piece. The Cochrane Gambit against Petrov's Defence — 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nxf7 — throws a knight at f7 on move four to drag the black king into the open; its first recorded outing was against Moheschunder in 1848. It is generally held to be unsound, which has never entirely stopped anyone: Veselin Topalov used it to draw with Vladimir Kramnik at Linares in 1999. The archive holds a Cochrane Gambit win over Moheschunder from 1850 that ends in mate on move twenty-nine, 29.Rc6#.

The Cochrane Variation of the Salvio Gambit is the King's Gambit line he used to beat La Bourdonnais. The third is the odd one out and much the most respectable: the Cochrane Defence is a drawing method in the rook-and-bishop against rook endgame, and it remains the technique top players reach for in that ending to this day.

His interest in that ending was already evident in the 1822 treatise (pp. 329–341). He argued that Philidor's winning example did not establish a win in every position. He also printed three positions considered drawn, supplied by a French gentleman whom he said he could not name. According to Cochrane, some of France's strongest players had examined them for more than six weeks before reaching that conclusion.

His judgments could run against his tastes. In A Treatise on the Game of Chess, he examined 1...e6, now called the French Defence, under the heading “King's Pawn One Game” (pp. 260–267). He thought previous writers had rejected it too quickly. His analysis led him to call it “perfectly sound,” although he made this admission “with considerable reluctance” and urged readers not to acquire the habit of playing it.

George Walker, who watched him for decades, summed the whole thing up in 1844: “Mr Cochrane is the most brilliant player I have ever had the honour to look over or confront; not even excepting De la Bourdonnais; and pity it is that his very brilliancy so often mars success.”

◇Bryanston Street

He came home for good and lived at 12 Bryanston Street in Marylebone, still practising law part-time and still writing on it. The chess had shrunk to casual games of about a quarter of an hour, most often with Johann Löwenthal. He went deaf in his last years, which did nothing to quiet his running commentary on the games in front of him; he was remembered as excellent company and generous to young players.

He died on 2 March 1878, aged eighty, and was buried at Brompton Cemetery six days later. His estate came to under £200. La Stratégie, printing his obituary that month, called him the most brilliant player of the century.